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CCENT Exam Prep: General Network Security
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Table of Contents
Cisco ICND1 Exam Objectives................................................................................................................... xxv
Exam Description........................................................................................................................... xxv
Exam Topics................................................................................................................................... xxv
Describe the operation of data networks.................................................................... xxv
Implement a small switched network........................................................................... xxv
Implement an IP addressing scheme and IP services to
meet network requirements for a small branch office.................................................... xxvi
Implement a small routed network.............................................................................. xxvi
Explain and select the appropriate administrative tasks
required for a WLAN........................................................................................................ xxvii
Identify security threats to a network and describe general
methods to mitigate those threats................................................................................... xxvii
Implement and verify WAN links.............................................................................. xxvii
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 1
How This Book Helps You.............................................................................................................. 1
Network Hardware and Software Requirements.......................................................................... 3
Advice on Taking the Exam............................................................................................................ 4
Chapter 1:
Standard Internetworking Models................................................................................................................ 7
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 10
What Is an Internetwork?.............................................................................................................. 10
Types of Internetworks................................................................................................................. 11
Local Area Network (LAN)............................................................................................. 11
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)............................................................................. 12
Wide Area Network (WAN)........................................................................................... 12
Storage Area Network (SAN)......................................................................................... 13
Virtual Private Network (VPN)........................................................................................ 14
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model............................................................................. 14
Upper Layers.................................................................................................................... 15
Application Layer............................................................................................................ 15
Presentation Layer........................................................................................................... 17
Session Layer................................................................................................................... 18
Lower Layers.................................................................................................................... 18
Transport Layer................................................................................................................ 18
Network Layer.................................................................................................................. 20
Data Link Layer............................................................................................................................... 21
Physical Layer.................................................................................................................. 23
OSI Layered Communications........................................................................................ 23
TCP/IP Model.................................................................................................................................. 25
Application Layer............................................................................................................ 26
Transport Layer................................................................................................................ 27
Internet Layer................................................................................................................... 31
Network Interface Layer.................................................................................................. 33
Cisco 3-Layer Hierarchical Model................................................................................................ 33
Access Layer.................................................................................................................... 34
Distribution Layer............................................................................................................ 35
Core Layer......................................................................................................................... 35
Chapter Summary............................................................................................................................ 37
Key Terms......................................................................................................................... 37
Apply Your Knowledge................................................................................................................. 40
Exercises............................................................................................................................ 40
Review Questions............................................................................................................ 41
Exam Questions................................................................................................................ 41
Answers to Review Questions...................................................................................... 45
Answers to Exam Questions.......................................................................................... 47
Suggested Readings and Resources............................................................................ 49
Chapter 2:
Physical Layer Networking Concepts........................................................................................................ 51
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 54
Network Topologies....................................................................................................................... 54
The Bus Topology........................................................................................................... 54
The Ring Topology......................................................................................................... 55
The Star Topology........................................................................................................... 56
The Mesh Topology....................................................................................................... 57
Cabling 58
Coaxial Cable..................................................................................................................... 59
Twisted-Pair Cable........................................................................................................... 60
Fiber-Optic Cable............................................................................................................. 63
Wireless 64
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)................................................................................................. 65
Infrared.............................................................................................................................. 65
Bluetooth........................................................................................................................... 66
Physical Layer Devices.................................................................................................................. 66
Repeaters........................................................................................................................... 66
Hubs................................................................................................................................... 67
Network Interfaces........................................................................................................... 67
Chapter Summary............................................................................................................................ 68
Key Terms......................................................................................................................... 68
Apply Your Knowledge................................................................................................................. 69
Exercises............................................................................................................................ 69
Review Questions............................................................................................................ 70
Exam Questions................................................................................................................ 70
Answers to Review Questions...................................................................................... 77
Answers to Exam Questions.......................................................................................... 77
Suggested Readings and Resources............................................................................ 79
Chapter 3:
Data Link Networking Concepts................................................................................................................. 81
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 84
Data Link Protocols........................................................................................................................ 84
Token Ring........................................................................................................................ 84
FDDI................................................................................................................................... 86
Ethernet at the Data Link Layer..................................................................................... 87
Physical Ethernet Standards......................................................................................................... 93
Ethernet............................................................................................................................. 93
Fast Ethernet..................................................................................................................... 96
Gigabit Ethernet................................................................................................................ 97
10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE)........................................................................................... 99
Long Reach Ethernet..................................................................................................... 100
Data Link Layer Devices.............................................................................................................. 100
Bridges............................................................................................................................. 101
Switches.......................................................................................................................... 104
Duplex 105
Microsegmentation...................................................................................................................... 106
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 107
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 107
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 109
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 109
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 110
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 110
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 114
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 115
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 117
Chapter 4:
General Network Security........................................................................................................................... 119
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 122
Classes of Attack.......................................................................................................................... 122
Access Attacks.............................................................................................................. 123
Reconnaissance Attacks.............................................................................................. 125
Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks.................................................................................. 127
Mitigating Network Threats........................................................................................................ 130
AAA................................................................................................................................ 130
Cisco ACLs..................................................................................................................... 130
Cisco IOS Secure Management Features................................................................... 131
Encryption Protocols..................................................................................................... 132
Security Appliances and Applications........................................................................... 132
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 134
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 134
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 135
Exercise............................................................................................................................ 135
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 136
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 136
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 138
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 138
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 139
Chapter 5:
IP at the Network Layer.............................................................................................................................. 141
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 144
Network Layer Functions............................................................................................................ 144
IP Addressing and Formats........................................................................................................ 145
Binary............................................................................................................................... 145
Hexadecimal.................................................................................................................... 150
IP Address Classes........................................................................................................ 151
Subnet Masks................................................................................................................. 154
Private (RFC 1918) Addressing.................................................................................... 156
Subnetting IP................................................................................................................................. 156
Calculating Hosts in a Subnet...................................................................................... 159
Calculating Networks in a Subnet............................................................................... 161
The Increment................................................................................................................. 162
Determining the Range of Valid IPs............................................................................ 165
Network Layer Devices................................................................................................................ 167
Routers............................................................................................................................ 167
Layer 3 Switches............................................................................................................ 170
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 171
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 171
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 172
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 172
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 175
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 175
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 179
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 181
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 183
Chapter 6:
Introduction to Cisco Routers and Switches.......................................................................................... 185
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 188
Interfaces and Modules............................................................................................................... 188
LAN Interfaces............................................................................................................... 188
WAN Interfaces............................................................................................................. 189
Cisco Memory Components....................................................................................................... 192
ROM................................................................................................................................. 193
Flash................................................................................................................................. 193
RAM................................................................................................................................ 193
NVRAM........................................................................................................................... 193
Cisco Internetworking Operating System................................................................................. 193
Feature Sets.................................................................................................................... 194
IOS Image File Naming.................................................................................................. 195
Cisco Router Models and Features........................................................................................... 196
Cisco Switch Models and Features........................................................................................... 197
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 199
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 199
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 200
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 200
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 200
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 201
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 203
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 204
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 205
Chapter 7:
Foundation Cisco IOS Operations............................................................................................................ 207
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 210
Terminal Options.......................................................................................................................... 210
Console Port................................................................................................................... 210
Auxiliary Port.................................................................................................................. 212
Telnet............................................................................................................................... 212
HTTP and HTTPS.......................................................................................................... 212
SSH................................................................................................................................... 213
Router/Switch Startup Procedures............................................................................................. 214
POST................................................................................................................................ 214
Bootstrap......................................................................................................................... 215
IOS Loading.................................................................................................................... 215
Configuration Loading.................................................................................................. 217
Navigating the IOS....................................................................................................................... 220
User EXEC....................................................................................................................... 220
Privileged EXEC............................................................................................................. 221
Global Configuration..................................................................................................... 222
Context-Sensitive Help.................................................................................................. 224
Abbreviations................................................................................................................. 226
Shortcut Keys................................................................................................................. 226
Common Syntax Errors.................................................................................................. 227
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 230
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 231
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 231
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 231
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 233
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 233
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 235
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 236
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 237
Chapter 8:
Foundation Cisco Configurations............................................................................................................ 239
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 242
Global Configuration.................................................................................................................... 242
Altering the Boot Sequence......................................................................................... 242
Changing the Hostname............................................................................................... 244
Creating a Login Banner............................................................................................... 244
Assigning a Password for Privileged EXEC Mode................................................... 245
Domain Name—Specific Commands............................................................................. 246
Enabling SSH.................................................................................................................. 247
Line Configurations...................................................................................................................... 248
Securing Console Access to User EXEC................................................................... 248
Securing Auxiliary Access to User EXEC.................................................................. 250
Securing Telnet and SSH Access to User EXEC...................................................... 250
Router Interface Configurations................................................................................................. 253
Assigning an IP Address............................................................................................. 254
Enabling the Interface................................................................................................... 255
LAN-Specific Commands.............................................................................................. 255
WAN-Specific Commands............................................................................................ 256
Saving Configurations................................................................................................................. 256
Using the show Command to Get Information........................................................................... 258
Verifying Your Configurations..................................................................................... 259
Viewing Interface Statuses and Statistics.................................................................. 260
IOS File Version show Commands................................................................................ 264
Troubleshooting Commands...................................................................................................... 266
Backing Up and Restoring Configurations and
IOS Using TFTP............................................................................................................................. 269
Neighbor Discovery with CDP................................................................................................... 272
Using Telnet for Virtual Terminal Access................................................................................. 276
Terminal Monitor........................................................................................................... 277
IOS DHCP...................................................................................................................................... 278
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 281
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 282
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 284
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 284
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 285
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 286
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 289
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 290
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 291
Chapter 9:
Understanding the Cisco SDM................................................................................................................. 293
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 296
Getting Started.............................................................................................................................. 296
Global Configurations.................................................................................................................. 298
Changing the Hostname, Banner, Domain Name,
and Secret Password........................................................................................................... 299
Router Access................................................................................................................ 303
DNS.................................................................................................................................. 304
DHCP............................................................................................................................... 305
Router Interface Configurations................................................................................................. 308
Assigning an IP Address............................................................................................. 308
Enabling the Interface................................................................................................... 309
Saving and Verifying Your Configurations................................................................ 310
Monitoring..................................................................................................................................... 310
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 312
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 312
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 312
Exercise............................................................................................................................ 312
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 312
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 313
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 315
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 316
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 316
Chapter 10:
Introduction to Routing and Routing Protocols.................................................................................... 317
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 320
The Default Gateway.................................................................................................................... 320
Verifying and Troubleshooting the Default Gateway.............................................. 322
Routing Sources........................................................................................................................... 323
Administrative Distance............................................................................................... 324
Static Routes................................................................................................................................. 325
Configuring Static Routes............................................................................................ 326
Floating Static Routes................................................................................................... 327
Default Routes.............................................................................................................................. 328
Configuring Static and Default Routes with SDM.................................................................. 329
Verifying Static and Default Routes.......................................................................................... 330
Dynamic Routing Protocols......................................................................................... 331
Routing Metrics............................................................................................................. 332
Classful and Classless Routing Updates................................................................... 333
VLSM 336
Interior and Exterior Gateway Routing Protocols...................................................... 340
Distance Vector Routing Protocols............................................................................. 340
Link-State Routing Protocols....................................................................................... 341
Advanced Distance Vector/Hybrid Routing Protocols........................................... 341
The Routing Table Revisited...................................................................................................... 342
Routing Redistribution................................................................................................................ 343
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 345
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 346
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 347
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 347
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 348
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 348
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 351
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 351
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 353
Chapter 11:
Distance Vector Routing Protocols.......................................................................................................... 355
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 358
Distance Vector Operations......................................................................................... 358
Routing Loops................................................................................................................ 360
Routing Loop Mitigation............................................................................................................. 362
Counting to Infinity....................................................................................................... 363
Split Horizon................................................................................................................... 363
Route Poison, Poison Reverse, and Hold-Down Timers......................................... 364
Triggered Updates......................................................................................................... 366
Invalid/Dead Timers...................................................................................................... 367
RIP 367
RIP Characteristics......................................................................................................... 367
RIP Configuration.......................................................................................................... 368
Passive Interfaces.......................................................................................................... 371
RIPv2 Characteristics.................................................................................................... 371
RIPv2 Configuration...................................................................................................... 372
Configuring RIP with SDM........................................................................................... 373
RIP Verification............................................................................................................... 374
Troubleshooting RIP..................................................................................................... 375
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 379
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 380
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 380
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 380
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 382
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 382
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 384
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 385
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 386
Chapter 12:
Enabling Internet Connectivity with NAT.............................................................................................. 387
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 390
NAT Concepts.............................................................................................................................. 391
Static NAT...................................................................................................................... 392
Dynamic NAT................................................................................................................. 393
NAT Overload and Port Address Translation.......................................................... 394
NAT Terminology........................................................................................................................ 395
Configuring NAT Using Cisco SDM......................................................................................... 397
Configuring NAT Overload.......................................................................................... 397
Verifying NAT Configuration..................................................................................................... 410
Troubleshooting NAT................................................................................................................. 413
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 415
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 415
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 416
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 416
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 416
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 419
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 419
Suggested Reading and Resources............................................................................ 421
Chapter 13:
Foundation Switching Operations............................................................................................................ 423
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 426
Switching Functionality................................................................................................ 426
Frame Transmission Methods.................................................................................................... 427
Store-and-Forward......................................................................................................... 428
Cut-Through................................................................................................................... 428
Fragment-Free................................................................................................................. 428
Half- and Full-Duplex Connections............................................................................................ 429
Switching Design.......................................................................................................................... 430
Spanning Tree Protocol............................................................................................................... 430
Root Bridge..................................................................................................................... 431
Root Ports....................................................................................................................... 432
Designated Ports............................................................................................................ 434
Blocked Ports.................................................................................................................. 435
Port State Transitions.................................................................................................................. 437
Initial Switch Configurations...................................................................................................... 438
Assigning a Management IP Address to a Switch................................................... 439
Defining a Default Gateway.......................................................................................... 439
IP Assignment Using DHCP........................................................................................ 440
Configuring Multiple Switch Interfaces..................................................................... 441
Verifying Spanning Tree Protocol............................................................................... 442
Troubleshooting Basic Switch Connectivity........................................................................... 442
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 445
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 445
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 446
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 446
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 448
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 449
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 452
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 452
Suggested Readings and Resources.............................................................................. 454
Chapter 14:
Implementing Switch Security................................................................................................................... 455
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 458
Securing Physical Access to the Catalyst Switch................................................................... 458
Securing Terminal Access to the Catalyst Switch................................................................... 458
To Telnet or Not to Telnet............................................................................................ 460
Additional IOS Security Practices............................................................................... 461
Layer 2 Security............................................................................................................................ 461
Port Security................................................................................................................... 462
“See”DP........................................................................................................................... 464
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 466
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 466
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 467
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 467
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 469
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 469
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 471
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 472
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 472
Chapter 15:
Understanding Wireless Networking....................................................................................................... 473
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 476
The Business Case....................................................................................................................... 476
The Players in the 802.11 Market............................................................................................... 477
Entering the Radio Frequency World........................................................................................ 478
Understanding Wireless Transmission...................................................................... 478
Unlicensed RF Bands.................................................................................................... 479
The Key to Successful Wireless: Channel Surfing................................................... 480
The 802.11 Standards Family...................................................................................................... 483
Party Like It’s 1999: 802.11a and 802.11b.................................................................... 483
2003 Delivers: 802.11g............................................................................................... 483
The Next Generation: 802.11n....................................................................................... 484
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 485
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 485
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 486
Exercise............................................................................................................................ 486
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 486
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 487
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 489
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 489
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 490
Chapter 16:
Wireless Security and Implementation Considerations........................................................................ 491
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 494
Understanding the Threats......................................................................................................... 494
War Driving.................................................................................................................... 494
Direct Hacking................................................................................................................ 495
Employee Ignorance...................................................................................................... 495
Deploying a Secure Wireless Network...................................................................................... 496
Wireless Encryption...................................................................................................... 496
Wireless Authentication (802.1x)................................................................................ 499
Wireless Intrusion Prevention System (IPS)............................................................. 500
Wireless Implementation Guidelines......................................................................................... 501
Understanding Wireless Topologies.......................................................................... 501
Understanding Wireless Data Rates........................................................................... 503
General Wireless Implementation Steps..................................................................... 506
Wireless Troubleshooting............................................................................................ 506
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 508
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 508
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 509
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 509
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 509
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 512
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 512
Suggested Readings and Resources.......................................................................... 513
Chapter 17:
Wide Area Network Connections............................................................................................................. 515
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 518
WAN Connection Types............................................................................................................ 518
Leased Lines................................................................................................................... 519
Circuit-Switched Networks........................................................................................... 519
Packet-Switched Networks........................................................................................... 520
Broadband....................................................................................................................... 520
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).................................................................................. 521
Metropolitan Ethernet (Metro Ethernet).................................................................... 521
The WAN Physical Layer........................................................................................................... 522
WAN Data Link Encapsulations................................................................................................ 523
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)............................................................................. 523
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)....................................................................................... 524
Cisco High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)............................................................. 524
X.25 Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB)........................................................ 524
Frame Relay..................................................................................................................... 524
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)...................................................................... 524
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) and PPP over ATM (PPPoA)....................................... 525
Cisco HDLC................................................................................................................................... 525
PPP 525
Sub-Layer 1: ISO HDLC................................................................................................ 527
Sub-Layer 2: Link Control Protocol (LCP).................................................................. 527
Sub-Layer 3: Network Control Protocol...................................................................... 532
Configuring PPP............................................................................................................................ 532
Authentication............................................................................................................... 532
Compression................................................................................................................... 534
Verifying PPP................................................................................................................................. 535
Troubleshooting PPP.................................................................................................... 537
Chapter Summary.......................................................................................................................... 539
Key Terms....................................................................................................................... 539
Apply Your Knowledge............................................................................................................... 540
Exercises.......................................................................................................................... 540
Review Questions.......................................................................................................... 543
Exam Questions.............................................................................................................. 544
Answers to Review Questions.................................................................................... 546
Answers to Exam Questions........................................................................................ 546
Suggested Reading and Resources............................................................................ 548
Fast Facts:................................................................................................................................................ 549
OSI Model in Review................................................................................................................... 550
Application Protocols Supported by the Application Layer.................................. 551
Network Domains......................................................................................................................... 554
Cabling, Lines, and Services....................................................................................................... 554
MAC Addressing......................................................................................................................... 556
Framing and Duplex Types......................................................................................................... 556
WAN Interfaces............................................................................................................................ 557
Memory Types.............................................................................................................................. 557
IOS File Naming Conventions.................................................................................................... 558
Utilities Using ICMP.................................................................................................................... 558
Network Security.......................................................................................................................... 558
Access Attacks.............................................................................................................. 559
Reconnaissance Attacks.............................................................................................. 559
Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks.................................................................................. 559
Mitigating Network Threats........................................................................................................ 559
IP Addressing............................................................................................................................... 560
Classless Addressing.................................................................................................... 561
Private Ranges................................................................................................................ 561
Subnetting....................................................................................................................... 561
IPv6 562
Types of IPv6 Addresses............................................................................................. 563
Integrating IPv4 and IPv6............................................................................................. 563
Layer 3 Functions......................................................................................................................... 563
IOS Terminal Access Methodologies....................................................................................... 564
IOS Boot Processes...................................................................................................................... 564
IOS Navigation.............................................................................................................................. 565
Context-Sensitive Help.................................................................................................. 565
Terminal Editing Keys................................................................................................... 565
Syntax Errors................................................................................................................... 566
Global Configuration Commands............................................................................................... 566
Securing the IOS............................................................................................................ 566
SSH................................................................................................................................... 567
Interface Configuration Commands........................................................................................... 568
Switch Commands........................................................................................................................ 568
The Copy Command..................................................................................................................... 568
The Show Command.................................................................................................................... 569
Interface Status.............................................................................................................. 569
Cisco Discovery Protocol............................................................................................................ 570
Telnet 570
DHCP 571
Switches 571
Duplex Connections...................................................................................................... 572
Port Security................................................................................................................... 572
Routing Characteristics............................................................................................................... 572
Routing Sources............................................................................................................. 572
Static and Default Routes............................................................................................. 573
Dynamic Routing Protocols........................................................................................................ 574
Routing Metrics............................................................................................................. 574
Interior and Exterior Gateway Routing Protocols...................................................... 574
Classful and Classless Routing Updates................................................................... 575
Routing Protocol Classes............................................................................................. 575
Redistribution................................................................................................................. 575
Distance Vector Routing Loop Mitigation............................................................................... 576
RIP and RIPv2............................................................................................................................... 576
RIP Configuration.......................................................................................................... 577
Wireless Networking.................................................................................................................... 577
Wireless Security and Implementation....................................................................... 578
Network Address Translation (NAT)......................................................................... 579
Wide-Area Networks..................................................................................................... 580
Practice Exam................................................................................................................................................ 583
Answers to Practice Exam.......................................................................................................................... 601
Answers at a Glance..................................................................................................................... 602
Answers with Explanations......................................................................................................... 603
Appendix:
What’s on the CD-ROM............................................................................................................................ 611
Glossary........................................................................................................................................................ 615
TOC, 0789737167, 11/16/07
